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Biosensors Jun 2023Rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins is of great significance in the field of food safety. In this review, several traditional and commercial detection methods... (Review)
Review
Rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins is of great significance in the field of food safety. In this review, several traditional and commercial detection methods are introduced, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), test strips, etc. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity. The use of ECL biosensors for mycotoxins detection has attracted great attention. According to the recognition mechanisms, ECL biosensors are mainly divided into antibody-based, aptamer-based, and molecular imprinting techniques. In this review, we focus on the recent effects towards the designation of diverse ECL biosensors in mycotoxins assay, mainly including their amplification strategies and working mechanism.
Topics: Mycotoxins; Chromatography, Liquid; Biosensing Techniques; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Luminescent Measurements
PubMed: 37367018
DOI: 10.3390/bios13060653 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jun 2022Smokeless powders (SPs) are one of the most commonly used propellants for ammunition but can also be abused as energetic material in improvised explosive devices (IEDs)... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Smokeless powders (SPs) are one of the most commonly used propellants for ammunition but can also be abused as energetic material in improvised explosive devices (IEDs) such as pipe bombs. After a shooting or explosion, unburnt or partially burnt particulates may be observed which can be used for forensic investigation. SPs comprise mainly nitrocellulose (NC) and additives. Therefore, the characterization of both NC and the additives is of significant forensic importance. Typically, the identification, classification, and chemical profiling of smokeless powders are based exclusively on the analysis of the additives. In this study, information regarding the NC base component was combined with the chemical analysis of the additives using two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). The system combines size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in an on-line heart-cut 2D-LC configuration. In the first dimension, the NC is characterized by its molecular-weight distribution (MWD) while being separated from the additives. The additives are then transferred to the second-dimension separation using a novel analyte-transfer system. In the second dimension, the additives are separated to obtain a detailed profile of the low-molecular-mass compounds in the SP. With this approach, the MWD of the NC and the composition of the additives in SP have been obtained within an hour. A discrimination power of 90.53% was obtained when studying exclusively the NC MWD, and 99.47% for the additive profile. This novel combination enables detailed forensic comparison of intact SPs. Additionally, no extensive sample preparation is required, making the developed method less labor intensive.
Topics: Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Lobeline; Powders
PubMed: 35462308
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463072 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Mar 2024Cisplatin is a potent cytotoxic agent used in the treatment of various malignancies and exerts its antitumor effect through malignant cell DNA damage and apoptosis...
Cisplatin is a potent cytotoxic agent used in the treatment of various malignancies and exerts its antitumor effect through malignant cell DNA damage and apoptosis induction. Evaluation of systemic delivery of cisplatin is important in optimization of cisplatin treatment. However, accurate quantification of systemic cisplatin is challenging due to its various forms in circulation. This study aimed to develop a sensitive (LOQ < 0.1 µg/mL) and precise Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) method for quantifying free cisplatin in microdialysates and plasma. Furthermore the aim was to compare free cisplatin concentrations measured in standard plasma samples with those obtained from intravenous microdialysis catheters in a porcine model. The method developed utilizes dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II) as an internal standard that co-elutes with cisplatin, ensuring precise correction for ion suppression/enhancement effects. The method was validated, demonstrating linearity up to 100 µg/mL and good intermediate precision (CV% < 6 %) in the range of 1.0-100 µg/mL, with an LOQ of 0.03 µg/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, C, T, and T) showed no significant differences between the two sampling methods. This validated LC-MS/MS method provides a reliable tool for quantifying systemic free cisplatin concentrations, facilitating future systemic and local pharmacokinetic evaluations for optimization of cisplatin-based cancer treatments.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Chromatography, Liquid; Cisplatin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Plasma; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Reproducibility of Results; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
PubMed: 38330770
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124040 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Sep 2018Harmonization of diagnostic test results is fundamental to the effective use of laboratory testing in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of disease. Formal... (Review)
Review
Harmonization of diagnostic test results is fundamental to the effective use of laboratory testing in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of disease. Formal approaches to harmonization and standardization provide a rigorous and high-quality roadmap to this end, although the formal harmonization process can be long and complex. In the meantime, more informal approaches to harmonization can provide a useful pathway to improved harmonization in the short term. Factors relevant to harmonization are discussed with particular attention to protein assays using LC-MS/MS. Published formal and informal harmonization projects are provided as examples, including lessons drawn from these projects.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Proteins; Reference Standards; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 30115394
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.05.004 -
Journal of Separation Science Sep 2023Ultralow flow LC employs ultra-narrow bore columns and mid-range pL/min to low nL/min flow rates (i.e., ≤20 nL/min). The separation columns that are used under these... (Review)
Review
Ultralow flow LC employs ultra-narrow bore columns and mid-range pL/min to low nL/min flow rates (i.e., ≤20 nL/min). The separation columns that are used under these conditions are typically 2-30 μm in inner diameter. Ultralow flow LC systems allow for exceptionally high sensitivity and frequently high resolution. There has been an increasing interest in the analysis of scarce biological samples, for example, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, organelles, and single cells, and ultralow flow LC was efficiently applied to such samples. Hence, advances towards dedicated ultralow flow LC instrumentation, technical approaches, and higher throughput (e.g., tens-to-hundreds of single cells analyzed per day) were recently made. Here, we review the types of ultralow flow LC technology, followed by a discussion of selected representative ultralow flow LC applications, focusing on the progress made in bioanalysis of amount-limited samples during the last 10 years. We also discuss several recently reported high-sensitivity applications utilizing flow rates up to 100 nL/min, which are below commonly used nanoLC flow rates. Finally, we discuss the path forward for future developments of ultralow flow LC.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid
PubMed: 37528733
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300440 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Sep 2021Glycosylation is a prominent co- and post-translational modification which contributes to a variety of important biological functions. Protein glycosylation...
2-Dimensional ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and DMT-MM derivatization paired with tandem mass spectrometry for comprehensive serum N-glycome characterization.
Glycosylation is a prominent co- and post-translational modification which contributes to a variety of important biological functions. Protein glycosylation characteristics, particularly N-glycosylation, are influenced by changes in one's pathological state, such as through the presence of disease, and as such, there is great interest in N-glycans as potential disease biomarkers. Human serum is an attractive source for N-glycan based biomarker studies as circulatory proteins are representative of one's physiology, with many serum proteins containing N-glycosylation. The difficulty in comprehensively characterizing the serum N-glycome arises from the absence of a biosynthetic template resulting in great structural heterogeneity and complexity. To help overcome these challenges we developed a 2-dimensional liquid chromatography platform which utilizes offline weak anion exchange (WAX) chromatography in the first dimension and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in the second dimension to separate N-glycans by charge, corresponding to degree of sialylation, and size, respectively. Performing these separations offline enables subsequent derivatization with 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) for sialic acid linkage determination and the identification of sialic acid linkage isomers. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed the identification of 212 complete and partial N-glycan structures including low abundant N-glycans containing acetyl and sulphate modifications. The identifications obtained through this platform were then applied to N-glycans released from a set of stage 3 gastric cancer serum samples obtained from patients before (pre-op) and after (post-op) tumour resection to investigate how the serum N-glycome can facilitate differentiation between the two pathological states.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Morpholines; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34535264
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338840 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Proteomics is a large-scale study of proteins, aiming at the description and characterization of all expressed proteins in biological systems. The expressed proteins are... (Review)
Review
Proteomics is a large-scale study of proteins, aiming at the description and characterization of all expressed proteins in biological systems. The expressed proteins are typically highly complex and large in abundance range. To fulfill high accuracy and sensitivity of proteome analysis, the hybrid platforms of multidimensional (MD) separations and mass spectrometry have provided the most powerful solution. Multidimensional separations provide enhanced peak capacity and reduce sample complexity, which enables mass spectrometry to analyze more proteins with high sensitivity. Although two-dimensional (2D) separations have been widely used since the early period of proteomics, three-dimensional (3D) separation was barely used by low reproducibility of separation, increased analysis time in mass spectrometry. With developments of novel microscale techniques such as nano-UPLC and improvements of mass spectrometry, the 3D separation becomes a reliable and practical selection. This review summarizes existing offline and online 3D-LC platforms developed for proteomics and their applications. In detail, setups and implementation of those systems as well as their advances are outlined. The performance of those platforms is also discussed and compared with the state-of-the-art 2D-LC. In addition, we provide some perspectives on the future developments and applications of 3D-LC in proteomics.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Liver; Mass Spectrometry; Online Systems; Proteome; Proteomics; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 32102244
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041524 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023The compositional and structural analysis of GAGs is challenging due to their heterogenous structures. Strong anion exchange (SAX) HPLC can aid in the compositional...
The compositional and structural analysis of GAGs is challenging due to their heterogenous structures. Strong anion exchange (SAX) HPLC can aid in the compositional analysis of GAGs and can separate complex mixtures based on charge and degree of sulfation. Herein we describe the digestion and release of GAGs from tissue, and the compositional analysis using SAX-HPLC.
Topics: Glycosaminoglycans; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Anions
PubMed: 36374422
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2835-5_14 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a fungicide and anthelmintic drug commonly found in food products. Due to its toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, its determination in various... (Review)
Review
Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a fungicide and anthelmintic drug commonly found in food products. Due to its toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, its determination in various samples is important for public health. Different analytical methods can be used to determine the presence and concentration of TBZ in samples. Liquid chromatography (LC) and its subtypes, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), are the most commonly used methods for TBZ determination representing 19%, 18%, and 18% of the described methods, respectively. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and fluorimetry are two more methods widely used for TBZ determination, representing 13% and 12% of the described methods, respectively. In this review, a number of methods for TBZ determination are described, but due to their limitations, there is a high potential for the further improvement and development of each method in order to obtain a simple, precise, and accurate method that can be used for routine analysis.
Topics: Thiabendazole; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Fungicides, Industrial; Fluorometry
PubMed: 37175335
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093926 -
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Jun 2022Dolutegravir is currently the preferred component of first-line antiretroviral therapy. To facilitate clinical pharmacology studies in key populations, quantitative...
BACKGROUND
Dolutegravir is currently the preferred component of first-line antiretroviral therapy. To facilitate clinical pharmacology studies in key populations, quantitative analytical methods compatible with microsampling and adaptable to resource-limited settings are desirable. The authors developed and validated a liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method to quantify dolutegravir in dried blood spots (DBS).
METHODS
Calibration standards and quality control samples were prepared by spotting 50 μL of dolutegravir-spiked whole blood on each circle of DBS cards. Three spots (two 6-mm punches/spot) were extracted with methanol. Chromatographic separation was achieved with gradient elution of acetonitrile/potassium phosphate monobasic buffer (pH 5) on a reverse-phase C18 column (flow rate, 1 mL/min) using pioglitazone as the internal standard. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. In the clinical pharmacokinetic study, DBS from finger prick was collected from participants (n = 10) at 8 time points over 12 hours postdosing, with paired plasma at 1 and 12 hours. The method was used to quantify dolutegravir, estimating pharmacokinetic parameters. Agreement between DBS and plasma concentrations was evaluated using linearity and Bland-Altman plots.
RESULTS
The method was validated over the concentration range of 0.4-10 mcg/mL, accuracy was 102.4%-114.8%, and precision was 3.4%-14.7%. The mean recovery was 42.3% (%CV: 8.3). The mean (±SD) dolutegravir concentration in DBS was 37.5% (±3.8%) lower than that in the plasma. DBS-derived and measured plasma concentrations showed strong correlation with linearity (R2 = 0.9804) and Bland-Altman plots. Means (%CV) of area under curve, Cmax, and C24 from the DBS-derived plasma concentration were 37.8 (23.2) mcg·h/mL, 2.7 (24.7) mcg/mL, and 1.34 (31.6) mcg/mL, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The application of this simple, accurate, and precise method will expand opportunities for clinical assessment of dolutegravir in resource-limited settings.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Dried Blood Spot Testing; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Humans; Oxazines; Piperazines; Pyridones; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 34629444
DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000929